|
William H. Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese is an alphabetic notation recording phonological information from medieval sources, rather than a reconstruction. It was introduced by Baxter as a reference point for his reconstruction of Old Chinese phonology. ==Sources for Middle Chinese== The centre of the study of Chinese historical phonology is the ''Qieyun'', a rime dictionary created by Lu Fayan in 601 as a guide to the proper reading of classic texts. The dictionary divided characters between the four tones, which were subdivided into 193 rhymes and then into homophone groups. The pronunciation of each homophone group is given by a fanqie formula, a pair of common characters respectively indicating the initial and final sounds of the syllable. Lu Fayan's work was very influential, and led to a series of expanded and corrected versions following the same structure. The most important of these was the ''Guangyun'' (1007–8), in which the number of rhymes was increased to 206, though without significantly changing the phonological system of the ''Qieyun''. Since the ''Qieyun'' was thought lost until the mid-20th century, most scholarship has been based on the ''Guangyun'', and its rhyme categories are still used. The Qing dynasty scholar Chen Li analysed the fanqie spellings of the ''Guangyun'', determining which initial and final spellers represented the same sounds, and thus enumerating the initials and finals of the underlying system. A series of rime tables from the Song dynasty applied a sophisticated analysis to the ''Qieyun'' system, though the language had changed in the interim. The initials were identified and categorized by place and manner of articulation. Finals were classified into 16 rhyme classes (攝 ''shè''). Within each rhyme class, syllables were classified as either "open" (開 ''kāi'') or "closed" (合 ''hé''), as belonging to one of the four tones, and as belonging to one of four divisions (等 ''děng''), indicated by rows of the table. The Qing philologists found that some of the finals of the rhyme dictionaries were always placed in the first row, some always in the second and some always in the fourth, and they were thus named finals of divisions I, II and IV respectively. The remaining finals were spread across the second, third and fourth rows, and were later called division III finals. The division III finals can be further subdivided on the basis of their distribution: * Independent or pure division III finals occur only the third row of the rhyme tables, and occur only with labial, velar or laryngeal initials. * Mixed division III finals occur in the second, third and fourth rows of the rhyme tables. * The so-called ''chóngniǔ'' are doublets of division III finals, one occurring in the third row of the rhyme tables and the other in the fourth, but not distinguished in any other way. These finals also occur only with labial, velar or laryngeal initials. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Baxter's transcription for Middle Chinese」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|